The comprehensive guide to traversing Australia

As the sixth-largest country on the planet, Australia features diverse regions and climates. Planning your destinations and travel methods demands significant consideration.

Initially, airfares and train tickets in Australia may appear costly (and the limited competition means fewer deals), but when you factor in the expenses of car rental, insurance, fuel, and lodging, a flight from Sydney to Perth becomes increasingly attractive.

If time is of the essence, you're likely to depend on domestic flights for covering extensive distances; alternatively, you could concentrate your travels on a single region. When evaluating the most suitable mode of transport in Australia, consider your available time, desired level of comfort, and environmental impact.

For those pressed for time, internal flights will be necessary.

Flying is the only way to visit multiple states in a short time frame. Australia's primary domestic airlines connect major cities and significant tourist destinations—such as Yulara for Uluru Kata-Tjuta National Park—with frequent flights. Key players include Jetstar, Qantas, and Virgin Australia.

Taking a long-distance bus is an excellent budget-friendly choice.

Australia's extensive bus network offers a dependable means of traveling between towns and cities, though distances can be considerable, so brace yourself for lengthy travel days or nights. Most Australian buses feature air-conditioning (a must during summer), comfy seating, and restrooms; they are all smoke-free, and some come equipped with wi-fi and USB charging ports. Inquire about hop-on hop-off options for added flexibility. Certain operators provide discounted rates for seniors, students, and children.

The leading bus companies in Australia include Greyhound Australia, Firefly Express, Integrity Coach Lines (in Western Australia), Premier Motor Service (NSW), and V/Line in Victoria, which operates a combination of buses and trains.

Another way to travel by bus is through organized tours. Some packages include accommodations and meals, while others are more casual options to journey from point A to B while enjoying the sights along the way. Popular tour operators include AAT Kings, Adventure Tours Australia, Autopia Tours, and Untamed Escapes.

Embark on an unforgettable train adventure across Australia.

Traveling long distances by rail in Australia is a choice made for the experience, not for affordability, convenience, or speed. However, trains offer a more comfortable option than buses, and there's an undeniable 'romance of the rails' that thrives in Australia. The most famous long-haul rail journeys include the Indian Pacific from Sydney to Perth, the Overland between Melbourne and Adelaide, the Great Southern from Brisbane to Adelaide, and The Ghan connecting Adelaide to Darwin via Alice Springs.

Key train operators for intra- and inter-state travel include Queensland Rail, which services the high-speed Spirit of Queensland route from Brisbane to Cairns; NSW TrainLink connecting Sydney to Brisbane, Melbourne, and Canberra; and V/Line in Victoria, which connects with bus services to NSW, SA, and the ACT.

Embarking on a road trip in Australia is a fantastic adventure.

Whether you’re zeroing in on a single state or traversing multiple ones, exploring Australia by road is the best way to experience this expansive country. For those opting for 4WD or motorcycle trips, you'll need specialized skills, guidebooks, maps, and equipment.

Deciding whether to rent or purchase a vehicle hinges on how long you plan to stay and the distances you intend to cover. Here are some factors to weigh in the hire versus buy discussion:

Renting a car or camper guarantees you a dependable vehicle.

For shorter journeys, car rental often proves more economical—you'll access a newer, safer, and more trustworthy vehicle. In case of any issues, roadside assistance is available, and your expenses are fixed at the daily rental rate. Major rental agencies operate in key cities and airports, typically requiring drivers to be at least 21 (sometimes 25). One-way rentals tend to be slightly pricier.

You can also rent campervans, which can help offset some accommodation expenses. However, you will still need to pay for campsite stays or find designated areas for free camping. Companies based in Australia that offer campervan rentals include Apollo, Britz, Hippie Camper, Jucy, Maui, Mighty Campers, Spaceships, and Travelwheels. To compare rental deals, visit CarHire.com.

All standard advice for renting cars and vans applies here. Always read the rental agreement carefully. Pay attention to the fine print, including accident excess coverage (you can purchase your own separately, but be aware that a large 'holding' deposit may be required). Ensure that all drivers possess the necessary licenses and travel insurance. Conduct a thorough inspection of the vehicle before departing and document any existing damage. Given Australia's vastness, request unlimited kilometers, as you're likely to cover extensive distances. Check if the vehicle is permitted on unsealed roads.

Purchasing a car or van may be more suitable for extended journeys.

Owning your own vehicle provides the flexibility to explore at your own pace and can be more economical than renting over time. However, you should consider the administrative costs and potential repairs involved.

When purchasing a vehicle in Australia, you must transfer the registration (known locally as 'rego') into your name within 14 days. Each state has its own specific requirements. If you decide to sell the vehicle, you must notify the state or territory road-transport authority of the sale and change of ownership. Failing to update the registration or giving the vehicle away means you could still be responsible for any future fines and rego certificates issued to the new owners.

In most states, sellers must provide a roadworthy certificate when transferring registration. If the vehicle you're interested in doesn't have one, request it before finalizing the price. This certificate may cost around $100 but can help you avoid unexpected repair expenses. Road transport authorities maintain lists of licensed vehicle testers. Keep in mind that registering a vehicle in a different state from its original registration can be a lengthy and costly process, which is something to consider if you plan to sell at the end of your journey.

It's wise to have a vehicle inspected by an independent expert prior to purchase. State-based automobile clubs, such as the Royal Automobile Club of Victoria, offer vehicle inspection services. Road transport authorities (RTAs) provide lists of licensed garages where you can book inspections directly.

Five key driving hazards to be aware of

There are numerous factors to consider when driving in Australia. Here are five potential risks to keep in mind.

1. Wildlife may be on the road, especially at night

Many Australians choose not to travel after dark due to the dangers posed by nocturnal animals on the roads. Country roads often have kangaroos, along with cows and sheep in the unfenced outback. Kangaroos are most active around dawn and dusk, typically traveling in groups—if you spot one hopping across the road, slow down, as there may be more following closely behind. If you accidentally hit an animal, you can contact the local wildlife rescue line, which is sometimes indicated along the route.

2. Navigate dirt roads slowly and with caution in rural areas

The conditions of unsealed roads can vary significantly based on both the type of road and the weather. Vehicles handle quite differently on dirt, especially when braking or navigating corners. It’s best not to exceed 60 kph (37 mph) — going any faster could leave you unprepared for sharp turns, animals in the road, or sudden potholes. Wet dirt roads can turn muddy and quickly become impassable, particularly in tropical northern Australia during the summer 'wet season' (November to April).

3. Be aware of 'road trains' on the highways

Due to limited rail infrastructure in Australia, you may encounter road trains (trucks that can pull two or three trailers extending up to 50m) on the highways. Overtaking these can be dangerous. On single-lane roads in remote areas, move off the road when a truck approaches, as they won’t slow down for smaller vehicles. Be cautious of stones or debris that could hit your car as they pass, so give them plenty of space.

4. Refuel at every opportunity in remote regions

In urban areas, gas stations are abundant, but in rural regions, the distances between refueling points can be vast — keep an eye on your fuel gauge and those yellow signs indicating the next roadhouse. It's wise to top off your tank whenever possible, especially if you might need to take a detour due to flooding or other weather conditions. Charging stations for electric vehicles are increasingly becoming available across Australia, making hybrid and electric road trips a realistic option.

5. Don’t underestimate the impact of fatigue while driving

Be cautious of driver fatigue; long drives (especially in hot conditions) can be incredibly draining, and dozing off behind the wheel is a serious hazard. Take breaks regularly — stretch your legs, switch drivers, and enjoy a coffee. Never drive if you're feeling sleepy.

Drive with care and reduce your environmental footprint

If you’re set on purchasing a vehicle to explore Australia, here are some tips to lessen your ecological impact during your travels:

• Keep your vehicle properly maintained and tuned.

• Pack lightly and drive at lower speeds to save on fuel.

• Stick to designated roads and off-road vehicle tracks if you're in a 4WD.

• Refrain from driving on walking paths, and avoid driving through vegetation. Only cross creeks at designated points.

• Always take your trash with you if you camp overnight.

• Consider carpooling with other travelers whenever possible.

Embark on a 3-month road trip across Australia with this itinerary

With a 90-day tourist visa, your goal is to explore all of Australia, right? While you can't see everything, you can potentially cover both coasts and the outback if you're ready to keep moving (preferably sharing driving duties with companions along this route).

We recommend starting your journey in Perth. Travel along the west coast, stopping at Albany to the south, then head up to Broome via Ningaloo and the Pilbara before making your way to Darwin. From there, head south through Alice Springs, taking a detour to see Uluru. Continue down the Stuart Highway to Adelaide, and then proceed to Melbourne, either inland or along the picturesque coast. You’ll have about a month to six weeks to reach far north Queensland, visiting the beaches of southern New South Wales, the waterfalls inland from Byron Bay, and the Daintree rainforest north of Cairns. If you choose to skip Sydney and Brisbane (by this point, you'll likely be dusty and parking will be tricky), you can always return later by bus or plane after you’ve dropped off your vehicle, which will have accumulated an extra 20,000km (12,400 miles).