The intriguing history of Sentosa, Singapore’s ultimate staycation paradise

Previously known as Pulau Blakang Mati, which some interpret as 'the island of sorrow,' but more often it's translated as 'the island behind which lies death.'

Today, it’s known as Sentosa, derived from the Malay word meaning 'peace and tranquility.' With its theme parks, stunning beaches, luxury resorts, and endless entertainment, it stands as Singapore's top destination for staycations and attracts international tourists in droves.

But how did this transformation come about?

Fifty years ago this September, Singapore's fledgling government established the Sentosa Development Corporation (SDC) with the vision of turning this once rural and sparsely populated island into a thriving resort hub.

An island of Malay origin

The 500-hectare island is shaped like the bowl of a smoking pipe, curving along the southern edge of what is now Singapore. Its strategic position and shape made it an ideal stop for traders traveling to and from Malaysia, and a frequent hideout for pirates who targeted their ships.

There were four main kampongs (villages) on the island, with a diverse population of Chinese, Malay, and Bugis people from Indonesia’s Sulawesi region.

In 1819, Sir Stamford Raffles arrived on what would later become Singapore, or the Lion City.

The British statesman left a lasting legacy not just on Singapore, but also across much of East Asia, a region he explored and documented during his diplomatic service.

In the latter half of the 19th century, the British began fortifying Singapore, with five key fortifications on Sentosa. These included Fort Serapong (near the island's center), Fort Connaught, Berhala Reping, the Imbiah Battery, and Fort Siloso (at the island’s far northwest corner).

While under British rule, Pulau Blakang Mati housed soldiers, with Malay, Chinese, and Indian laborers performing various tasks like laundry, operating sampan boats, and clearing land for the European military personnel.

Even though Sentosa’s name was changed in 1970, many of the island's historical sites retain familiar names. Fort Siloso, now a National Monument, still stands, alongside a beach, elevated jungle walkway, and tram station all bearing the 'Siloso' name.

The former Imbiah Battery has transformed into a scenic lookout for hikers, while the abandoned structures of Fort Serapong have become a favorite spot for urban explorers and fans of 'ruin porn.'

The Barracks Hotel Sentosa, as its name suggests, was once a residence for British artillerymen. Today, while the accommodations are much more luxurious, guests can still relax on the former parade grounds.

An island off Singapore's coast

Much of Sentosa's past mirrors the history of Singapore itself.

In 1965, Singapore officially declared its independence from Malaysia and began charting its own path as a nation.

As Singapore's commerce and industry flourished, Sentosa remained largely rural and sparsely populated. By the 1970s, most of the island's residents had moved away and settled in Singapore.

Change came rapidly and dramatically. In the 1970s, visitors could take a cable car to reach the island, but within ten years, an above-ground tram made it even easier to explore the area. In 1992, the Sentosa Causeway was completed, connecting Sentosa to the mainland.

Tourist attractions came and went as trends evolved over time.

Underwater World, once the largest oceanarium in Asia, was originally slated to open in 1989 but didn't welcome visitors until 1991. Though it attracted crowds, the oceanarium closed its doors in 2016 after fluctuating visitor numbers.

The Asian Village, another attraction from the past, was similar to Disney World's Epcot. It featured 'villages' representing various Asian countries like Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines, along with some rides. It shut down in 2000.

The Apollo Hotel was the first hotel for tourists on the island. It opened its doors in 1978 and closed them again in 1986.

The island’s first beach resort, Shangri-La’s Rasa Sentosa Resort, began welcoming guests in 1993. Over the next decade, other prestigious international brands followed suit, including Capella Singapore in 2009, W Singapore – Sentosa Cove in 2012, and Sofitel Singapore Sentosa Resort & Spa in 2015.

However, not all attractions stood the test of time. Sentosa’s Merlion, once a companion to Singapore's iconic statue, no longer stands watch.

As Christopher Khoo, managing director of international tourism consultancy MasterCounsult, told Channel News Asia, 'As tourism evolves, so do expectations, and sometimes we have to make space for new attractions. The process of renewal requires letting go of the old.'

Today, he notes, tourists are more drawn to unique experiences than to traditional landmarks.

The city's relentless heat and humidity have fueled a demand for nighttime entertainment. Digital art and light shows are among the potential future attractions.

Given the island’s modern and polished appearance, it’s easy to see why many still believe the misconception that Sentosa is a manmade island.

The confusion likely stems from land reclamation. Pulau Blakang Mati originally covered about 280 hectares, and since 1972, Sentosa has expanded to roughly 500 hectares.

Despite the island's vibrant energy, it's still possible to find the tranquility that Sentosa’s name suggests, especially when staying at one of its serene hotels. The Capella Singapore, nestled in lush greenery, is a prime spot for enjoying sunset cocktails.

Though its military past is behind it, Sentosa made an unexpected return to the global political stage in 2018 when U.S. President Donald Trump met North Korean leader Kim Jong Un at the Capella, where a plaque commemorates this historic event.

One significant shift has been the return of full-time residents to Sentosa. However, today’s inhabitants bear little resemblance to the communities that once lived on Pulau Blakang Mati.

Sentosa Cove, located on the island's eastern edge, is Singapore's only gated luxury community. In a city where space is limited, it quickly became one of the most desirable residential areas in the country.

What lies ahead?

Always seeking fresh development prospects, Singapore is already setting its sights beyond Sentosa.

The next frontier for Sentosa’s expansion is likely to be Palau Brani, a former naval base shaped like a trapezoid, located between Singapore and Sentosa. Most visitors barely notice Brani as they pass by, but the ambitious Sentosa-Brani Master Plan aims to transform both islands into a unified major tourist destination.

Like most large infrastructure projects worldwide, this one was delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic but has since resumed now that Singapore has eased restrictions and adopted a 'living with the virus' approach.

The master plan divides the two islands into five distinct zones: waterfront, island heart, beachfront, vibrant cluster (home to thrilling attractions and event spaces), and ridgefront.

Along with new attractions, the Sentosa-Brani Master Plan will expand nature and heritage trails, and refresh the island's beaches.

The first major project, a two-level 'sensory walkway' that will link the northern and southern parts of Sentosa, is set to open next year.