Top methods for traveling in Mongolia

Exploring Mongolia’s stunning landscapes offers an unforgettable adventure. The vastness and solitude of the steppe cast a spell that lingers even after you return to the hustle of city life.

However, traveling isn’t always straightforward—in a country three times larger than France, where most 'roads' are mere grassy paths, reaching your destination can take time. But this is all part of the charm in one of the world’s few remaining nomadic cultures.

Here’s your guide to navigating this remote and rugged terrain.

The best way to traverse the countryside is by renting a 4WD.

Once you leave the orbit of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia's gateway city, you'll require a vehicle to fully enjoy the great outdoors. A 4WD is crucial unless your travels are limited to paved roads leading to attractions like Khövsgöl Nuur National Park.

For navigating the rugged grasslands, popular choices for 4WDs in Mongolia include the comfortable Toyota Landcruisers and the classic Russian UAZ-452. This tough off-road van is appreciated for its ease of repairs on the go, though it does have a reputation for frequent breakdowns.

Most tours in Mongolia, whether budget or luxury, come with a vehicle, driver, and guide, as drivers usually do not speak English. Small group tours often utilize 4WD vans, known for their bumpy rides, while private tours for solo travelers, couples, and families typically feature more comfortable 4WD 'jeeps'. It's crucial to book early—Mongolia's travel season is short, with snow hitting Ulaanbaatar by September and not melting until April, leading to high demand for vehicles.

Self-driving is an option for seasoned adventurers

You can also opt to rent a vehicle from companies like Sixt or Drive Mongolia. Ensure you have a valid home driving license (at least one year old) and an international driving permit. Most self-drivers prefer to utilize the growing network of paved roads with proper facilities radiating from Ulaanbaatar. If you plan to explore further or go off the beaten path, prepare for challenges like water crossings and the risk of getting lost.

Cellular service can be unreliable in remote regions, so it's wise to carry a compass and a physical map as backups. Consider hiring a guide to assist during your travels—they can consult locals for advice on avoiding muddy paths, swollen rivers, or sandy areas. Bring jerry cans for extra fuel and at least two spare tires. For trips to extremely remote areas, such as parts of the Gobi, it's advisable to have at least two vehicles.

When selecting a tour or planning your own (off-road) adventure, avoid being overly ambitious—Mongolia is vast, and your speed across the grasslands will rarely exceed 40–50 km/h (25–31 mph). Trying to see too much may result in hours spent driving and significant fuel costs, which are a major expense in Mongolia. It's better to concentrate on a single region or plan for at least two nights at each stop to fully appreciate the tranquil beauty of the landscape.

Exploring on horseback, camel, or yak offers a fantastic way to discover the landscape.

The Mongol empire thrived thanks to its resilient horses, and the enthusiasm Mongolians have for riding is truly delightful. Numerous tour operators can organize multi-day guided horse treks in regions like Arkhangai, Khövsgöl, and Khentii. Notably, Khövsgöl Nuur boasts a solid network of guides and horses available for rent.

For the more adventurous, self-guided expeditions are an option, such as the well-known ride from Terkhiin Tsagaan Nuur to Khövsgöl Nuur. This journey spans approximately two weeks, winding through river valleys for nearly 300 km (180 miles).

You can also traverse the Gobi Desert's sand dunes on camelback, particularly in areas like Khongoryn Els and Ongiin Khiid. Both camels and yaks are occasionally employed by nomadic herders to carry yurts and supplies across the steppe. Specialized operators like 360 Degrees Mongolia provide unique nomadic travel experiences, featuring pack-camel caravans or traditional yak and camel carts.

Buses provide a unique form of 'slow travel' in Mongolia

Most provincial capitals in Mongolia are linked to Ulaanbaatar by large buses that accommodate 40 passengers or more. Daily services operate between major hubs, while smaller minivans head out to more remote destinations in the west. Even if you take a bus to another province, remember that you'll still require a car and driver to venture into the wilderness and explore the attractions.

In more remote regions, private minivans can be found waiting at local markets in most Mongolian sums (townships) and depart once full. Riding in a local van is an unforgettable adventure—though not always pleasant, as you'll likely be crammed in with fellow passengers and an assortment of cargo.

Think about flying if you're traveling west

Known for its Kazakh eagle hunters and breathtaking snow-capped mountains, Western Mongolia ranks as one of the premier destinations in Central Asia. Given that it’s a long 36-hour drive from Ulaanbaatar, most international visitors opt for air travel. Two airlines, Aero Mongolia and Hunnu Air, operate domestic flights connecting the capital with western destinations like Ölgii, Khovd City, Ulaangom, and Uliastai. Additionally, MIAT Mongolian Airlines, the national carrier, intends to launch domestic flights in 2024.

There are also seasonal flights available to Dalanzadgad (for the Gobi) and Choibalsan in the east. Mongolia’s local airlines are notably professional, featuring well-dressed cabin crew and online booking options. However, it's advisable to reserve through a local agent, such as Airtrans, since schedules are subject to frequent changes. Be aware that flights can fill up well in advance during the peak summer season and typically double in price during the Eagle Festival in October.

Mongolia’s train services offer limited options for travelers

The sparse rail network in Mongolia runs from north to south, primarily consisting of a segment of the Trans-Mongolian Railway that connects Moscow and Beijing (international services on this route were not available to tourists at the time of writing).

Domestic trains operate on the same tracks, but they're not particularly beneficial for tourists. You can reach the Gobi by traveling south from Ulaanbaatar to Sainshand, which leads to the striking red rocks of Ikh Nart Nature Reserve, a habitat for wild ibex and argali sheep. Additionally, there’s a daily overnight train that runs between Ulaanbaatar and Erdenet, the third-largest city in Mongolia.

Accessible travel options in Mongolia

For travelers with wheelchairs or sensory sensitivities, the secret to a successful journey in Mongolia lies in contacting travel companies early on. Clearly communicate your requirements and select a company that shows a willingness to accommodate your unique needs. For more details on accessible travel, visit Dinogo Planet’s free online Accessible Travel Resources.